How Student-Athletes Can Build—and Protect—an NIL Brand

NIL Is More Than a Sponsorship: Your Identity Is the Product

How Student-Athletes Can Build—and Protect—an NIL Brand

Name, image, and likeness opportunities allow student-athletes to earn compensation from sponsorships, appearances, social-media posts, merchandise, camps, autographs, and other commercial uses of their identities.

But NIL is not simply free products and promotional videos.

A student-athlete accepting a deal may suddenly be expected to act as a creator, spokesperson, business owner, contract partner, public figure, and representative of a team or university—all while continuing to train, study, compete, and develop as a person.

In this episode of Network Issues, media scholar Jamie Cohen and marketing strategist Destinee Day explain how athletes can build recognizable personal brands without losing control of their identities.

Important note: NIL rules differ by athletic division, state, school, conference, and contract. Athletes should consult their school’s compliance staff and qualified legal or financial professionals before signing an agreement.

What Does NIL Mean?

NIL stands for:

  • Name: The athlete’s personal or professional name

  • Image: Photographs, video, illustrations, avatars, or visual representations

  • Likeness: Recognizable traits such as voice, appearance, signature, gestures, catchphrases, or public persona

An NIL deal generally involves an athlete receiving compensation in exchange for the commercial use of one or more of these identity elements.

Examples include:

  • Sponsored social posts

  • Personal appearances

  • Autograph sessions

  • Product endorsements

  • Camps or clinics

  • Branded merchandise

  • Video-game appearances

  • Licensing

  • Affiliate marketing

  • Content creation

NIL is not limited to nationally famous football or basketball players.

A local athlete with a trusted regional audience may be valuable to a hometown dealership, restaurant, clothing store, fitness center, or professional-service company.

Is a Student-Athlete an Employee of the University?

Not automatically.

The transcript describes athletes as working for universities and becoming part of their corporate brands. That is useful as a branding analogy, but it should not be presented as a universal legal employment classification.

College athletes may represent their institution publicly, wear school marks, and participate in athletic programs with substantial commercial value. Their exact legal status depends on applicable rules, agreements, and ongoing legal developments.

The safer point is:

A student-athlete’s public behavior can affect the reputation of the athlete, team, university, sponsor, and wider athletic program.

Why Is Personal Branding Important for NIL?

Brands need a reason to select one athlete instead of another.

Athletic performance matters, but it is only one element.

Sponsors may also evaluate:

  • Audience trust

  • Personality

  • Local relevance

  • Visual identity

  • Communication skills

  • Community involvement

  • Reliability

  • Content quality

  • Brand compatibility

  • Reputation

  • Audience demographics

A personal brand helps people understand what the athlete represents beyond a statistic or uniform.

It answers questions such as:

  • What makes this athlete recognizable?

  • What do they care about?

  • Who follows them?

  • What kind of story can they tell?

  • Which products fit naturally into their life?

  • Can the sponsor trust them to complete the work?

What Makes a Personal Brand Recognizable?

Strong brands use repeated, recognizable signals.

For a company, that might include a logo, color, package, slogan, or product design.

For an athlete, it may include:

  • A playing style

  • Signature celebration

  • Distinctive appearance

  • Personal story

  • Community connection

  • Consistent tone

  • Fashion

  • Hobby

  • Cause

  • Catchphrase

  • Content format

The goal is not to manufacture a fake personality.

It is to identify authentic characteristics that can be communicated consistently.

What Can Athletes Learn From Jared McCain?

Jared McCain became known not only for basketball but also for wearing nail polish.

During his time at Duke, he partnered with Sally Hansen in a deal that matched something already visible in his personal identity. He later expanded that relationship into a five-shade collection after entering the NBA. (Complex)

That is a strong brand partnership because the product does not appear to have been randomly attached to the athlete.

The endorsement connects:

  • His existing behavior

  • His visual identity

  • A recognizable product category

  • A conversation about masculinity

  • A brand seeking cultural relevance

The lesson is not that every athlete needs an unusual visual trademark.

It is that the strongest deals feel connected to who the athlete already is.

What Can Athletes Learn From Harper Murray?

Nebraska volleyball player Harper Murray has developed a significant public profile through athletic performance, social content, personal storytelling, and brand partnerships. In 2025, she signed an NIL agreement with adidas, Nebraska’s longtime apparel partner. (https://www.1011now.com)

Her example demonstrates that athletes can shape their public identities through repetition and communication rather than allowing one incident, headline, or outside narrator to define them permanently.

A strong personal brand does not require pretending that mistakes never happened.

It requires demonstrating growth, consistency, responsibility, and a clearer story over time.

What Content Should Student-Athletes Create?

The easiest content usually starts with activities the athlete already performs.

Useful formats include:

Day in the Life

Show training, classes, meals, travel, recovery, and team routines.

Get Ready With Me

Use preparation for practice, games, appearances, classes, or events as the structure.

Process Videos

Show how something develops from beginning to end:

  • Practice preparation

  • Recovery

  • Meal planning

  • Equipment setup

  • Hair or makeup

  • Film study

  • Travel packing

Educational Content

Explain terminology, training methods, game strategy, or the realities of being a student-athlete.

Community Content

Feature teammates, local organizations, youth programs, hometown businesses, or causes.

The goal is not to copy every influencer trend.

It is to turn real experiences into repeatable formats an audience can understand.

What Is the Difference Between Identity and Performance?

Every public appearance involves some degree of performance.

A person chooses:

  • What to show

  • What to omit

  • How to speak

  • How to dress

  • Which story to tell

  • Which angle to emphasize

That does not automatically make the identity fake.

The athlete’s public persona is a selected and maintained version of the self.

Problems emerge when the gap between the persona and reality becomes unsustainable—or when a sponsor expects an athlete to become someone they are not.

A durable personal brand should be recognizable without requiring constant pretending.

What Is Media Training?

Media training prepares people to communicate effectively during interviews, press conferences, appearances, podcasts, livestreams, and unexpected public interactions.

Basic skills include:

  • Sitting or standing with intention

  • Listening to the full question

  • Pausing before answering

  • Speaking in complete thoughts

  • Avoiding speculation

  • Correcting false premises

  • Returning to the central message

  • Understanding when a microphone is live

  • Knowing that “off the record” requires agreement

  • Preparing for difficult questions

Media training is not about making athletes sound robotic.

It gives them greater control over how their words are interpreted and reused.

Why Is Spatial Awareness Part of NIL?

Public figures can be recorded outside formal interviews.

An athlete may appear:

  • In another person’s video

  • In a teammate’s livestream

  • Behind a fan’s photograph

  • At a restaurant

  • In an airport

  • At a party

  • During an emotional moment

  • Near someone behaving irresponsibly

The athlete does not control every camera.

They can still develop awareness of public settings, teammates, alcohol, clothing, conversation, and behavior.

This should not mean living in constant fear.

It means recognizing that public visibility has expanded beyond scheduled media appearances.

What Is Clip Farming?

Clip farming is the deliberate creation or extraction of short moments designed to spread beyond their original context.

A creator may say something provocative because they know the statement will be clipped, reposted, debated, and distributed.

Athletes may also be clipped without intending to participate.

A partial sentence, frustrated reaction, joke, or private-looking moment can become a separate piece of media with a new meaning.

Before speaking publicly, consider:

  • Could this sentence stand alone?

  • What happens when the question is removed?

  • Could a joke be interpreted literally?

  • Does the clip represent what I mean?

  • Am I creating a moment only because outrage will increase reach?

Should Athletes Delete Old Social Posts?

Athletes should review their archives, but the goal should not be to erase every sign that they were once teenagers.

A digital audit can identify:

  • Personal information

  • Old phone numbers

  • Location details

  • Posts using slurs

  • Harassment

  • Illegal behavior

  • Misleading claims

  • Content that violates team or sponsor rules

  • Images that could create safety concerns

  • Accounts impersonating the athlete

Deleting content is not guaranteed to remove it from the internet. Screenshots and archives may remain.

The better long-term strategy is early education about digital identity before a young person receives public attention.

What Should an Athlete Check Before Signing an NIL Deal?

Review:

Deliverables

How many posts, videos, appearances, or events are required?

Payment

Is compensation money, free merchandise, commission, or a combination?

Usage Rights

Can the sponsor reuse the athlete’s image? Where, for how long, and in which media?

Exclusivity

Does the contract prevent work with competitors?

Approval

Can the brand edit or approve content before publication?

Morality Clauses

What behavior allows the sponsor to terminate the deal?

Cancellation

What happens if the athlete is injured, transfers, becomes ineligible, or cannot perform?

Intellectual Property

Who owns the finished photos, videos, slogans, and designs?

Term

When does the agreement begin and end?

Disclosure

How must the commercial relationship be communicated to the audience?

NCAA resources emphasize keeping complete records and reporting relevant NIL activity. Athletes should also review school, conference, state, and division-specific requirements. (NCAA.org)

Do Athletes Have to Disclose Sponsored Posts?

Yes, when a material relationship exists.

The Federal Trade Commission requires endorsements to be honest and not misleading. Athletes and other influencers should clearly disclose payments, free products, discounts, or other relationships that could affect how an audience evaluates the recommendation.

The FTC advises influencers not to rely solely on a brand, agency, or platform to handle disclosure. The person making the endorsement has an independent responsibility to understand and follow the rules. (Federal Trade Commission)

Useful disclosures include:

  • #ad

  • Sponsored by [brand]

  • Paid partnership with [brand]

  • Thanks to [brand] for providing this product

The disclosure should be easy to see, understand, and connect to the endorsement.

What Responsibilities Do Brands Have?

Brands should not treat young athletes as disposable advertising inventory.

Responsible sponsors should:

  • Use clear contracts

  • Explain deliverables

  • Avoid misleading claims

  • Provide disclosure instructions

  • Respect school and sport requirements

  • Avoid unreasonable exclusivity

  • Define content-usage rights

  • Offer an approval contact

  • Pay on time

  • Plan for injury, transfer, or schedule changes

  • Avoid exploiting athletes’ inexperience

A company should also evaluate whether the partnership makes sense.

A local business may benefit from an athlete’s regional credibility even when that athlete does not have a national following.

The best deal aligns the athlete’s real audience with the company’s actual customers.

What Happens When an Athlete Transfers?

An NIL contract does not automatically disappear or transfer with the athlete.

The answer depends on the agreement.

A contract may:

  • Continue unchanged

  • End when the athlete leaves the school

  • Require renegotiation

  • Restrict the use of university marks

  • Include repayment provisions

  • Depend on geographic availability

  • Conflict with a new sponsor or school policy

Athletes should not assume that entering the transfer portal automatically cancels every obligation.

Transfer-related consequences should be addressed before signing.

Why Do Young Women Face Additional NIL Risks?

Women athletes may receive valuable visibility through social media, but attention can become sexualized or detached from athletic performance.

Risks may include:

  • Appearance-based harassment

  • Stolen photographs

  • Impersonation

  • Nonconsensual sexualized edits

  • AI-generated intimate images

  • Comments unrelated to sport

  • Aggregator accounts republishing images

  • Pressure to create increasingly revealing content

The athlete should not be blamed for misuse of her image.

Schools, teammates, platforms, brands, and representatives should help identify impersonation, abuse, or unauthorized commercial use.

Young men should also understand that protecting teammates’ identities is a team responsibility—not a “women’s issue.”

Can AI Misuse an Athlete’s Likeness?

Yes.

Generative systems can imitate or alter:

  • Faces

  • Voices

  • Bodies

  • Interviews

  • Endorsements

  • Photographs

  • Video

  • Private-looking content

Athletes should document official accounts, monitor impersonation, and establish clear methods for verifying authentic communication.

Contracts should also address whether a sponsor may create, alter, train on, or synthetically reproduce the athlete’s likeness.

Consent to use one photograph should not be treated automatically as consent to create an unlimited digital replica.

How Can Athletes Monitor Their Digital Identities?

Useful practices include:

  • Search your name regularly.

  • Set alerts for your name and common misspellings.

  • Review tagged posts.

  • Document official accounts.

  • Reverse-image-search important photographs.

  • Save contracts and payment records.

  • Report impersonation.

  • Remove personal contact and location information.

  • Use strong passwords and multifactor authentication.

  • Ask trusted people to flag suspicious content.

  • Keep personal and professional communications organized.

Monitoring is labor.

It should be treated as part of managing a public-facing business.

NIL Brand-Building Checklist

Before pursuing a sponsorship, ask:

  1. What do I want to be known for?

  2. What interests do I have beyond my sport?

  3. Which audience already trusts me?

  4. Which brands fit my real habits and values?

  5. Can I complete the required work?

  6. Who owns the resulting content?

  7. How long can the brand use my likeness?

  8. What happens if I transfer or become injured?

  9. How will I disclose the relationship?

  10. Who can review the contract before I sign?

Key Takeaways

  • NIL means name, image, and likeness.

  • Athletes can earn compensation through endorsements, appearances, content, licensing, camps, and merchandise.

  • A student-athlete is not automatically a university employee merely because they pursue NIL opportunities.

  • Strong personal brands are recognizable, authentic, and repeatable.

  • The best sponsorships connect naturally with the athlete’s existing identity.

  • Media training helps athletes retain control over interviews and clips.

  • Public visibility extends beyond content posted on an athlete’s own account.

  • NIL contracts should define payment, deliverables, usage rights, exclusivity, termination, and transfer consequences.

  • Sponsored content must be clearly disclosed.

  • Young women face disproportionate risks involving sexualization, impersonation, and synthetic media.

  • Brands share responsibility for transparent, fair, and developmentally appropriate partnerships.

  • Digital-identity education should begin before an athlete becomes famous.

Questions Answered in This Episode

What does NIL stand for?

NIL stands for name, image, and likeness—the recognizable elements of an athlete’s identity that may have commercial value.

What counts as an NIL deal?

Examples include paid posts, appearances, endorsements, camps, autograph sessions, merchandise, affiliate marketing, and licensing.

How can an athlete get an NIL sponsorship?

Build a clear identity, understand the audience, create consistent content, document engagement, approach suitable brands, and use school or professional resources to review opportunities.

Do athletes have to disclose free products?

Generally, yes. A free product can create a material relationship that should be disclosed when the athlete endorses it.

Can an old post damage an NIL deal?

Yes. Brands may review public content, although athletes should be evaluated fairly and in context rather than expected to have had perfect judgment since childhood.

Does an NIL deal end when an athlete transfers?

Not necessarily. The contract’s language determines whether it continues, ends, or requires renegotiation.

Who should review an NIL contract?

A school compliance office can explain applicable athletic rules, but legal and financial terms may require review by a qualified attorney, agent, accountant, or other professional.

About the Hosts

Jamie Cohen

Jamie Cohen is a media scholar, professor, writer, and expert on internet culture, online extremism, memes, media literacy, and the manosphere.

Website:jamesncohen.com
Substack:New Media Homework

Destinee Day

Destinee Day is a marketing strategist and founder of Rudy & Company. Her work focuses on branding, digital strategy, communications, online influence, and responsible marketing.

Website:rudyandcompany.com

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